Whole grains, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension: links to the aleurone preferred over indigestible fiber
Lillioja S, Neal AL, Tapsell L, Jacobs DR
BioFactors (Oxford, England) · 43 citations
Review labels
Neutral facts our review recorded about how this study was done. They describe method, never whether we like the result.
How it was studied
- Design
- Cohort study (indexed by PubMed)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Clinical events such as disease or death
- Intake measured by
- Not stated
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Independent funding
- University or hospital
- Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet
- Government
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Government
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Government
- National Cancer Institute
- Government
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Government
- NIDDK NIH HHS
- Government
- NHLBI NIH HHS
- Government
- NCI NIH HHS
- Grants
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R56 HL053560); National Cancer Institute (CA 58420); National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK068738); National Cancer Institute (R01- CA058420); National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK068738); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/C/00005206)
Based on 8 listed funder(s).
Publication
- Published
- 2013-01-28 · Biofactors · vol. 39 · issue 3 · pp. 242–258
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Cited
- 82 citations · more than 94% of similar papers · 4.1× the field average
- Impact
- Top 10% most cited in its field
- References
- 194 works
- Access
- Open access (repository copy)
- Research areas
- Food composition and properties · Nutritional Studies and Diet · Magnesium in Health and Disease
- Keywords
- Whole grains, Bran, Refined grains, Medicine, Aleurone, Prospective cohort study, Confounding, Ferulic acid, Population, Type 2 diabetes, Environmental health, Coronary heart disease, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Food science, Biology, Endocrinology, Endosperm, Biochemistry, Raw material
- MeSH
- humans, coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, type 2, risk factors, prospective studies, dietary fiber, edible grain
4 authors
From AU, US, GB
- Stephen Lillioja · correspondingUniversity of Wollongong; In-Q-Tel; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute
- Andrew L. NealRothamsted Research
- Linda C TapsellUniversity of Wollongong; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute
- David R. JacobsUniversity of Minnesota
Abstract
Higher whole grain cereal intakes are associated with substantially lower risks of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. These reduced risks have been established in large prospective studies that now include millions of person-years of follow-up. We analyze the results of 11 major prospective studies to provide recommendations about whole grain consumption. The following review establishes the amount of whole grains that should ideally be consumed based on prospective evidence; defines the nature of whole grains; identifies that the whole grain evidence is robust and not due to confounding; and provides a detailed assessment of several potential mechanisms for the effect of whole grains on health. We draw the following conclusions. Firstly, to maintain health, 40 grams or more of whole grains should be consumed daily. This is about a bowl of whole grain breakfast cereal daily, but 80% of the population does not achieve this. Secondly, aleurone in bran is a critical grain component generally overlooked in favor of indigestible fiber. Live aleurone cells constitute 50% of millers' bran. They store minerals, protein, and the antioxidant ferulic acid, and are clearly more than just indigestible fiber. Finally, we suggest potential roles for magnesium, zinc, and ferulic acid in the development of chronic disease. If the results of prospective studies were applied to the life-style practices of modern societies there exists the potential for enormous personal health and public financial benefits.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher.
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