Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI)
Lin YH, Chang LR, Lee YH, Tseng HW, Kuo TB, Chen SH
PloS one · 243 citations
How it was studied
- Design
- Cross-sectional study (classified by our AI screen)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Health markers and function
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Independent funding
Based on full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2014-06-04 · PLoS One · vol. 9 · issue 6 · p. e98312
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science
- Cited
- 616 citations · more than 100% of similar papers · 55.5× the field average
- Impact
- Top 10% most cited in its field
- References
- 21 works
- Access
- Open access (journal) · CC-BY
- Research areas
- Impact of Technology on Adolescents · Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts · Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- smartphone addiction, scale development, psychometric validation, compulsive behavior, functional disability, screening tool
- MeSH
- humans, factor analysis, statistical, reproducibility of results, behavior, addictive, psychometrics, internet, female, male, young adult, diagnostic self evaluation, surveys and questionnaires, cell phone
6 authors
From TW
- Yu‐Hsuan LinNational Yang Ming University
- Li‐Ren ChangNational Taiwan University; National Taiwan University Hospital
- Yang-Han LeeTamkang University
- Hsien-Wei TsengTamkang University; De Lin Institute of Technology
- Terry B.J. KuoNational Yang Ming University
- Sue‐Huei Chen · correspondingNational Taiwan University
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to develop a self-administered scale based on the special features of smartphone. The reliability and validity of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) was demonstrated.
Methods
A total of 283 participants were recruited from Dec. 2012 to Jul. 2013 to complete a set of questionnaires, including a 26-item SPAI modified from the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and phantom vibration and ringing syndrome questionnaire. There were 260 males and 23 females, with ages 22.9 ± 2.0 years. Exploratory factor analysis, internal-consistency test, test-retest, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of the SPAI. Correlations between each subscale and phantom vibration and ringing were also explored.
Results
Exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors: compulsive behavior, functional impairment, withdrawal and tolerance. Test-retest reliabilities (intraclass correlations = 0.74-0.91) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) were all satisfactory. The four subscales had moderate to high correlations (0.56-0.78), but had no or very low correlation to phantom vibration/ringing syndrome.
Conclusion
This study provides evidence that the SPAI is a valid and reliable, self-administered screening tool to investigate smartphone addiction. Phantom vibration and ringing might be independent entities of smartphone addiction.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY).
Community trust
Loading…
How much do you trust this study's findings?
Comments
Sign in to rate, comment on or flag this study.Sign inSomething wrong here?
Flag this study if its information, labels or funding look wrong. An editor reviews every flag.
Sign in to rate, comment on or flag this study.Sign inEducational information about published research. Not medical advice, and not a recommendation to start or stop anything.