Funded in part by Nutrabolt International
Acute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performance
Galvan E, Walker DK, Simbo SY, Dalton R, Levers K, O'Connor A, Goodenough C, Barringer ND, Greenwood M, Rasmussen C, Smith SB, Riechman SE, Fluckey JD, Murano PS, Earnest CP, Kreider RB
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 31 citations
Review labels
Neutral facts our review recorded about how this study was done. They describe method, never whether we like the result.
How it was studied
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (indexed by PubMed)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Health markers and function
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Industry funded
- Company
- Nutrabolt International
Based on 1 listed funder(s).
Publication
- Published
- 2016-01-05 · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · vol. 13 · issue 1 · p. 12
- Publisher
- Springer Science+Business Media
- Cited
- 41 citations · more than 78% of similar papers · 1.4× the field average
- References
- 34 works
- Access
- Open access (journal) · CC-BY
- Research areas
- Muscle metabolism and nutrition · Exercise and Physiological Responses · Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- Medicine, Creatine Monohydrate, Creatine, Crossover study, Placebo, Internal medicine, Sprint, Bench press, Physical therapy, Sports medicine, Wingate test, Phosphocreatine, Anaerobic exercise
- MeSH
- muscle, skeletal, humans, nitrates, creatine, cross-over studies, double-blind method, anaerobic threshold, blood pressure, heart rate, physical endurance, dose-response relationship, drug, weight lifting, physical fitness, dietary supplements, adult, male, muscle strength, athletic performance
16 authors
From US
- Elfego GalvanTexas A&M University
- Dillon K. WalkerTexas A&M University
- Sunday Y. SimboTexas A&M University
- R DaltonTexas A&M University
- Kyle S. LeversTexas A&M University
- A O’ConnorTexas A&M University
Abstract
Background
Creatine monohydrate (CrM) and nitrate are popular supplements for improving exercise performance; yet have not been investigated in combination. We performed two studies to determine the safety and exercise performance-characteristics of creatine nitrate (CrN) supplementation.
Methods
Study 1 participants (N = 13) ingested 1.5 g CrN (CrN-Low), 3 g CrN (CrN-High), 5 g CrM or a placebo in a randomized, crossover study (7d washout) to determine supplement safety (hepatorenal and muscle enzymes, heart rate, blood pressure and side effects) measured at time-0 (unsupplemented), 30-min, and then hourly for 5-h post-ingestion. Study 2 participants (N = 48) received the same CrN treatments vs. 3 g CrM in a randomized, double-blind, 28d trial inclusive of a 7-d interim testing period and loading sequence (4 servings/d). Day-7 and d-28 measured Tendo™ bench press performance, Wingate testing and a 6x6-s bicycle ergometer sprint. Data were analyzed using a GLM and results are reported as mean ± SD or mean change ± 95 % CI.
Results
In both studies we observed several significant, yet stochastic changes in blood markers that were not indicative of potential harm or consistent for any treatment group. Equally, all treatment groups reported a similar number of minimal side effects. In Study 2, there was a significant increase in plasma nitrates for both CrN groups by d-7, subsequently abating by d-28. Muscle creatine increased significantly by d-7 in the CrM and CrN-High groups, but then decreased by d-28 for CrN-High. By d-28, there were significant increases in bench press lifting volume (kg) for all groups (PLA, 126.6, 95 % CI 26.3, 226.8; CrM, 194.1, 95 % CI 89.0, 299.2; CrN-Low, 118.3, 95 % CI 26.1, 210.5; CrN-High, 267.2, 95 % CI 175.0, 359.4, kg). Only the CrN-High group was significantly greater than PLA (p < 0.05). Similar findings were observed for bench press peak power (PLA, 59.0, 95 % CI 4.5, 113.4; CrM, 68.6, 95 % CI 11.4, 125.8; CrN-Low, 40.9, 95 % CI -9.2, 91.0; CrN-High, 60.9, 95 % CI 10.8, 111.1, W) and average power.
Conclusions
Creatine nitrate delivered at 3 g was well-tolerated, demonstrated similar performance benefits to 3 g CrM, in addition, within the confines of this study, there were no safety concerns.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY).
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