Pharmacokinetic analysis and comparison of caffeine administered rapidly or slowly in coffee chilled or hot versus chilled energy drink in healthy young adults
White JR, Padowski JM, Zhong Y, Chen G, Luo S, Lazarus P, Layton ME, McPherson S
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 72 citations
Review labels
Neutral facts our review recorded about how this study was done. They describe method, never whether we like the result.
How it was studied
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (indexed by PubMed)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- No health outcome
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Industry funded
- Government
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Government
- NIEHS NIH HHS
- Authors
- At least one author declares a financial tie to industry
- Grants
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01-ES025460)
Based on 2 listed funder(s) and full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2016-04-20 · Clin Toxicol (Phila) · vol. 54 · issue 4 · pp. 308–312
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- Cited
- 117 citations · more than 99% of similar papers · 10.3× the field average
- Impact
- Top 10% most cited in its field
- References
- 12 works
- Access
- Open access (hybrid journal) · CC-BY-NC-ND
- Research areas
- Coffee research and impacts · Tea Polyphenols and Effects · Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Keywords
- Caffeine, Pharmacokinetics, Crossover study, Cmax, Context (archaeology), Analysis of variance, Chemistry, Medicine, Pharmacology, Internal medicine, Biology, Placebo
- MeSH
- humans, caffeine, cross-over studies, temperature, coffee, adolescent, adult, female, male, young adult, energy drinks
8 authors
From US
- John Raymond White · correspondingWashington State University Spokane
- Jeannie M. PadowskiWashington State University Spokane
- Yili ZhongWashington State University Spokane
- Gang ChenWashington State University Spokane
- Shaman LuoWashington State University Spokane
- Philip J. LazarusWashington State University Spokane
Abstract
Context
There is a paucity of data describing the impact of type of beverage (coffee versus energy drink), different rates of consumption and different temperature of beverages on the pharmacokinetic disposition of caffeine. Additionally, there is concern that inordinately high levels of caffeine may result from the rapid consumption of cold energy drinks.
Objective
The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of caffeine under various drink temperature, rate of consumption and vehicle (coffee versus energy drink) conditions.
Materials
Five caffeine (dose = 160 mg) conditions were evaluated in an open-label, group-randomized, crossover fashion. After the administration of each caffeine dose, 10 serial plasma samples were harvested. Caffeine concentration was measured via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and those concentrations were assessed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The calculated mean pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed statistically by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA). If differences were found, each group was compared to the other by all pair-wise multiple comparison.
Results
Twenty-four healthy subjects ranging in age from 18 to 30 completed the study. The mean caffeine concentration time profiles were similar with overlapping SDs at all measured time points. The ANOVA revealed significant differences in mean Cmax and Vd ss/F, but no pair-wise comparisons reached statistical significance. No other differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were found.
Discussion
The results of this study are consistent with previous caffeine pharmacokinetic studies and suggest that while rate of consumption, temperature of beverage and vehicle (coffee versus energy drink) may be associated with slightly different pharmacokinetic parameters, the overall impact of these variables is small.
Conclusion
This study suggests that caffeine absorption and exposure from coffee and energy drink is similar irrespective of beverage temperature or rate of consumption.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY-NC-ND).
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