The Relationship of Dietary Cholesterol with Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Confounding by Reverse Causality: The INTERLIPID Study
Okami Y, Ueshima H, Nakamura Y, Okuda N, Nakagawa H, Sakata K, Saitoh S, Okayama A, Yoshita K, R Choudhury S, Chan Q, Elliott P, Stamler J, Miura K, INTERMAP and INTERLIPID Research Groups
Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 5 citations
How it was studied
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (indexed by PubMed)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Health markers and function
- Intake measured by
- Food diaries or recalls
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Independent funding
- Nonprofit
- Alzheimer's Society
- University or hospital
- Imperial College London
- Government
- Public Health England
- University or hospital
- Fukuoka University
- University or hospital
- UK Dementia Research Institute
- Government
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- Government
- National Institutes of Health
- Government
- Medical Research Council
- Government
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Government
- NHLBI NIH HHS
- Grants
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL050490); Medical Research Council (MR/L01341X/1); Medical Research Council (MR/L01341X/1); MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health (MR/L01341X/1); Public Health England (MR/L01341X/1)
Based on 10 listed funder(s) and full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2018-06-08 · J Atheroscler Thromb · vol. 26 · issue 2 · pp. 170–182
- Publisher
- Japan Atherosclerosis Society
- Cited
- 9 citations · more than 79% of similar papers · 1.1× the field average
- References
- 55 works
- Access
- Open access (free to publish) · CC-BY-NC-SA
- Research areas
- Nutritional Studies and Diet · Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins · Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- Confounding, Causality (physics), Cholesterol, Internal medicine, Medicine, Reverse cholesterol transport, Lipoprotein, Endocrinology
- MeSH
- humans, coronary disease, cholesterol, dietary, prognosis, follow-up studies, cross-sectional studies, education, adult, middle aged, employment, female, male, cholesterol, ldl, biomarkers
14 authors
From JP, BD, GB
- Yukiko OkamiShiga University of Medical Science
- Hirotsugu UeshimaShiga University of Medical Science
- Yasuyuki NakamuraRyukoku University
- Nagako OkudaUniversity of Human Arts and Sciences
- Hideaki NakagawaKanazawa Medical University
- Kiyomi SakataIwate Medical University
Abstract
Aim
The positive relationship between dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol has been questioned by a set of recent cohort studies. This study aimed to investigate how employment status and education years relate to the association between dietary cholesterol and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in a Japanese population.
Methods
A population-based, random sample, cross-sectional study (INTERLIPID) was performed. Among 1,145 Japanese individuals aged 40-59 years, 106 were excluded because of special diets, use of lipid-lowering drugs, hormone replacement, and missing data, leaving 1,039 individuals (533 men and 506 women). Dietary cholesterol was assessed from four 24-h dietary recalls, and LDL-C was measured enzymatically with an auto-analyzer. A standard questionnaire inquired about employment status and education years.
Results
In men, a 1 standard deviation (SD) higher dietary cholesterol was associated with 3.16 mg/dL lower serum LDL-C (P=0.009; unadjusted model). After adjustment for covariates, higher serum LDL-C was estimated per 1 SD higher intake of dietary cholesterol in nonemployed men [self-employed, homemakers, farmers, fishermen, and retired employees; β=＋9.08, 95% confidence interval (CI)=＋0.90-＋17.27] and less educated men (β=＋4.46, 95% CI=－0.97-＋9.90), whereas an inverse association was observed in employed men (β=－3.02, 95% CI=－5.49-－0.54) and more educated men (β=－3.66, 95% CI=－6.25-－1.07).
Conclusions
In men who were nonemployed and less educated, a higher intake of dietary cholesterol was associated with elevated concentrations of serum LDL-C, whereas an inverse association was observed in men who were employed and more educated.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY-NC-SA).
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