Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Game-Related High School Football Injuries Across Artificial Turf Systems of Various Infill Weights
Meyers MC
Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 12 citations
Review labels
Neutral facts our review recorded about how this study was done. They describe method, never whether we like the result.
How it was studied
- Design
- Cohort study (classified by our AI screen)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Clinical events such as disease or death
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Industry funded
- Authors
- At least one author declares a financial tie to industry
Based on full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2014-07-01 · Orthop J Sports Med · vol. 2 · issue 7_suppl2 · p. 2325967119832878
- Publisher
- SAGE Publishing
- Cited
- 5 citations · more than 11% of similar papers · 0.0× the field average
- References
- 44 works
- Access
- Open access (journal) · CC-BY-NC-ND
- Research areas
- Sports injuries and prevention · Traumatic Brain Injury Research · Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Keywords
- Infill, Medicine, Incidence (geometry), Football, Poison control, Surgery, Structural engineering, Engineering, Mathematics, Geography, Archaeology, Emergency medicine, Geometry
1 author
From US
- Michael C. Meyers · correspondingIdaho State University
Abstract
Background
Artificial turf surfaces are developed to duplicate playing characteristics of natural grass. With the newer generations of sand and rubber infill systems, the infill is a common component that varies between fields and is a critical factor that could influence the player-surface interaction. Because the influence of infill weight on sport trauma is unknown, this study quantified football trauma in high schools in the United States across artificial turf systems of various infill weights.
Hypothesis
Athletes would not experience differences in game-related injuries across artificial turf systems of various infill weights.
Study design
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.
Methods
Artificial turf systems were divided into 4 sand/rubber infill weight groups by pounds per square foot: ≥9.0, 6.0-8.9, 3.0-5.9, and 0.0-2.9. A total of 57 high schools in 4 states participated over the course of 5 seasons. Outcomes of interest included injury severity, as a function of infill weight, across head, knee, and shoulder traumas; injury category; primary type of injury; tissue type; specific body location of injury; cleat design; environmental factors; and turf age. Data were subject to multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) and Wilks λ criteria through use of general linear model procedures.
Results
Of 1837 games documented, 528 games were played on infill weights of ≥9.0 lb/ft2, 521 on 6.0-8.9 lb/ft2, 525 on 3.0-5.9 lb/ft2, and 263 on 0.0-2.9 lb/ft2, with 4655 total injuries reported. MANOVAs indicated significant infill weight effects across injury severity (F 2,4648 = 5.087; P = .0001), with significant main effects also observed by injury category, tissue injured, lower extremity joint and muscle, cleat design, environmental factors, and turf age. Post hoc analyses indicated significantly lower (P 2 infill weight systems compared with the lighter infill weight systems.
Conclusion
As infill surface weight decreased, football trauma significantly increased across numerous playing conditions. Based on findings, high school football fields should minimally contain 6.0 pounds of infill per square foot.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY-NC-ND).
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