Sex Difference in Female and Male Ice Swimmers for Different Strokes and Water Categories Over Short and Middle Distances: A Descriptive Study
Oppermann J, Knechtle B, Seffrin A, Vancini RL, de Lira CAB, Hill L, Andrade MS
Sports medicine - open · 2 citations
How it was studied
- Design
- Cross-sectional study (classified by our AI screen)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Health markers and function
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Independent funding
Based on full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2022-05-10 · Sports Med Open · vol. 8 · issue 1 · p. 63
- Publisher
- Springer Nature
- Cited
- 2 citations · more than 43% of similar papers · 0.2× the field average
- References
- 46 works
- Access
- Open access (journal) · CC-BY
- Research areas
- Sports Performance and Training · Winter Sports Injuries and Performance · Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications
- Keywords
- Athletes, Demography, Significant difference, Stroke (engine), Mann–Whitney U test, Geography, Psychology, Mathematics, Medicine, Physical therapy, Statistics, Engineering
7 authors
From CH, BR, CA
- Janne Oppermann
- Beat Knechtle · correspondingUniversity of Zurich; University of St.Gallen; University Hospital Zurich; Medbase
- Aldo SeffrinUniversidade Federal de São Paulo
- Rodrigo Luiz VanciniUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo
- Claudio André Barbosa de LiraUniversidade Federal de Goiás
- Lee HillMcMaster University
Abstract
Background
Winter swimming developed from a national tradition into a health-improving sport with international competitions. The difference in performance between women and men was thoroughly examined in various sporting disciplines; however, there is little data on winter swimming events. Therefore, this study aims to compare the sex differences in female and male winter swimmers for a distinct stroke over distances of 25 m and 200 m in ice water, freezing water and cold water in the multiple stages of the Winter Swimming World Cup, hosted by the International Winter Swimming Association (IWSA) since 2016.
Methods
All data included in this study were obtained from the official results of the Winter Swimming World Cup, published on the "International Winter Swimming Association" (IWSA) website. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare race time between sexes in different swimming strokes and categories of water. In contrast, the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences between swimming strokes or water categories for the same sex.
Results
For 25 m and 200 m events of the "IWSA World Cup," male athletes were faster than female athletes, regardless of stroke and water temperature category. However, the effect size of the difference between the sexes was greater in 25 m than in 200 m for all strokes and water temperatures. Swimming speed for the same-sex differed between the swimming stroke in relation to the water temperature category. Head-up breaststroke was found to be the slowest stroke (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
In water temperatures between - 2° and + 9 °C, men were faster than women in all stages of the "IWSA World Cup," regardless of the swimming stroke, but the effect size of the difference between the sexes was greater in shorter than in longer events.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY).
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