Intake of whole grain foods and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women
Hu Y, Willett WC, Manson JAE, Rosner B, Hu FB, Sun Q
BMC medicine · 29 citations
Review labels
Neutral facts our review recorded about how this study was done. They describe method, never whether we like the result.
How it was studied
- Design
- Cohort study (indexed by PubMed)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Clinical events such as disease or death
- Intake measured by
- Food frequency questionnaire
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Independent funding
- Government
- National Institutes of Health
- Government
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Government
- National Cancer Institute
- Government
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Government
- NHLBI NIH HHS
- Government
- NIDDK NIH HHS
- Government
- NCI NIH HHS
- Grants
- National Cancer Institute (U01 CA167552); National Cancer Institute (P01 CA087969); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL034594); National Cancer Institute (UM1 CA186107); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL035464); National Cancer Institute (U01 CA176726); National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK120870); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL060712); National Institutes of Health (U01-CA167552); National Institutes of Health (P01 CA 87969); National Institutes of Health (R01 HL034594); National Institutes of Health (U01-CA176726); National Institutes of Health (R01DK120870); National Institutes of Health (R01HL35464); National Institutes of Health (UM1‐CA‐186107); National Institutes of Health (R01 HL60712)
Based on 7 listed funder(s) and full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2022-06-10 · BMC Med · vol. 20 · issue 1 · p. 192
- Publisher
- BioMed Central
- Cited
- 40 citations · more than 94% of similar papers · 3.4× the field average
- Impact
- Top 10% most cited in its field
- References
- 48 works
- Access
- Open access (journal) · CC-BY
- Research areas
- Food composition and properties · Nutritional Studies and Diet · Celiac Disease Research and Management
- Keywords
- Medicine, Whole grains, Hazard ratio, Refined grains, Epidemiology, Coronary heart disease, Confidence interval, Environmental health, Disease, Demography, Internal medicine, Food science
- MeSH
- humans, coronary disease, diet, risk factors, follow-up studies, prospective studies, female, male, edible grain, whole grains
6 authors
From US
- Yang HuHarvard University
- Walter Churchill WillettBrigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard University
- Jo Ann E. MansonBrigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard University
- BERNARD A. ROSNERBrigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard University
- Frank B. HuBrigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard University
- Qi Sun · correspondingBrigham and Women's Hospital; Joslin Diabetes Center; Harvard University
Abstract
Background
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a favorable association of whole grain intake with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, although whether such an inverse association holds true for individual whole grain foods that have various nutritional profiles has not been examined.
Methods
We followed 74,244 women from Nurses' Health Study since 1986, 91,430 women from Nurses' Health Study II since 1991, and 39,455 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study since 1984, who did not have a history of cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline. Intake of seven individual whole grain foods was repeatedly assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire every 2-4 years since baseline. CHD diagnoses were ascertained through review of medical records or death certificates.
Results
We documented 9461 CHD cases during an average of 25.8 years' follow-up. In the multivariable-adjusted model, the pooled hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of CHD risk corresponding to each one serving/day consumption of total whole grains was 0.93 (0.90-0.95; p trend <0.0001). Higher consumption of most individual whole grain foods was associated with significantly lower risk of CHD. Comparing participants consuming ≥1 serving/day with those consuming < 1 serving/month, the multivariable-adjusted pooled HRs (95% CIs) of CHD were 0.83 (0.78-0.89) for whole grain cold breakfast cereal, 0.92 (0.86-0.99) for dark bread, and 1.08 (0.96-1.22) for popcorn. For other whole grain foods with lower overall intake levels, comparing intake level of ≥2 servings/week with < 1 serving/month, the pooled hazard ratios (95% CIs) were 0.79 (0.74-0.84) for oatmeal, 0.79 (0.71-0.87) for brown rice, 0.84 (0.78-0.90) for added bran, and 0.87 (0.77-0.99) for wheat germ. Cubic spline regression suggested non-linear associations for certain whole grain foods: the risk reduction plateaued approximately over 2 servings/day for total whole grains, 0.5 serving/day for both cold breakfast cereal and dark bread, 0.5 serving/week for oatmeal, 1 serving/week for brown rice, and 2 serving/week for added bran (p for non-linearity <0.01 for all associations).
Conclusions
These data suggest that higher consumption of total whole grains, as well as individual whole grain foods except popcorn, were significantly associated with lower CHD risk. The inverse associations may plateau at various intake levels for total whole grain and individual whole grain foods. This study provides further evidence in support of increasing whole grain intake for the prevention of CHD in US populations.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY).
Community trust
Loading…
How much do you trust this study's findings?
Comments
Sign in to rate, comment on or flag this study.Sign inSomething wrong here?
Flag this study if its information, labels or funding look wrong. An editor reviews every flag.
Sign in to rate, comment on or flag this study.Sign inEducational information about published research. Not medical advice, and not a recommendation to start or stop anything.