The Interplay between Systolic Blood Pressure, Sauna Bathing, and Cardiovascular Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Finnish Men: A Cohort Study
Laukkanen JA, Jae SY, Kauhanen J, Kunutsor SK
The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 8 citations
How it was studied
- Design
- Cohort study (indexed by PubMed)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Clinical events such as disease or death
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Independent funding
- University or hospital
- Itä-Suomen Yliopisto
Based on 1 listed funder(s) and full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2023-04-20 · J Nutr Health Aging · vol. 27 · issue 5 · pp. 348–353
- Publisher
- Springer Science+Business Media
- Cited
- 9 citations · more than 78% of similar papers · 1.2× the field average
- References
- 44 works
- Access
- Open access (hybrid journal) · CC-BY
- Research areas
- Thermoregulation and physiological responses · Body Contouring and Surgery · Therapeutic Uses of Natural Elements
- Keywords
- Blood pressure, Medicine, Cohort, Gerontology, Cohort study, Internal medicine, Cardiology, Demography, Physical therapy
- MeSH
- humans, cardiovascular diseases, baths, steam bath, risk factors, cohort studies, prospective studies, blood pressure, aged, middle aged, finland, male
4 authors
From FI, KR, GB
- Jari A. Laukkanen · correspondingUniversity of Eastern Finland
- Sae Young JaeUniversity of Seoul
- Jussi KauhanenUniversity of Eastern Finland
- Setor K. KunutsorUniversity of Leicester; Leicester General Hospital; University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust; Southmead Hospital; National Institute for Health and Care Research; University of Bristol
Abstract
Objectives
Elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, whereas frequent sauna bathing reduces the risk. Whether frequent sauna bathing mitigates CVD mortality among adults with elevated SBP has not been previously investigated.
Design and setting
We examined the interactions between SBP and frequency of sauna bathing (FSB) with the risk of CVD mortality in a cohort of Caucasian men.
Participants
The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Study cohort comprising of 2,575 men aged 42-61 years at baseline was employed for this prospective study analysis.
Measurements
Resting blood pressure was measured using a standardized protocol and sauna bathing habits were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Systolic blood pressure was categorized as normal and high (<140 and ≥140 mmHg, respectively) and FSB as low and high (defined as ≤ 2 and 3-7 sessions/week, respectively).
Results
A total of 744 CVD deaths were recorded during a median follow-up of 27.8 yr. Comparing high vs normal SBP, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for CVD mortality was 1.44 (1.23-1.68). Comparing low vs high FSB, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for CVD mortality was 1.24 (1.03-1.51). The associations persisted following mutual adjustment for each exposure. Compared with men with normal SBP-high FSB, high SBP-low FSB was associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality 1.81 (1.39-2.36), with attenuated but persisting evidence of an association for men with high SBP and high FSB 1.52 (1.06-2.16). When SBP was categorized as normal and high (<130 and ≥130 mmHg, respectively), there was no evidence of an association for men with high SBP and high FSB 1.11 (0.77-1.61).
Conclusion
There might be an interaction between SBP, sauna bathing and CVD mortality risk in middle-aged and older Caucasian males. Frequent sauna baths may offset the increased risk of CVD mortality in men with high-normal SBP but not elevated SBP.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY).
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