Hot water immersion is associated with higher thermal comfort than dry passive heating for a similar rise in rectal temperature and plasma interleukin-6 concentration
Su Y, Hoekstra SP, Leicht CA
European journal of applied physiology · 10 citations
How it was studied
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (classified by our AI screen)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Health markers and function
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Independent funding
- Government
- China Scholarship Council
Based on 1 listed funder(s) and full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2023-10-23 · Eur J Appl Physiol · vol. 124 · issue 4 · pp. 1109–1119
- Publisher
- Springer Science+Business Media
- Cited
- 10 citations · more than 81% of similar papers · 1.4× the field average
- References
- 66 works
- Access
- Open access (hybrid journal) · CC-BY
- Research areas
- Thermoregulation and physiological responses · Exercise and Physiological Responses · Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- Rectal temperature, Animal science, Thermoregulation, Medicine, Chemistry, Skin temperature, Human physiology, Internal medicine, Biology
- MeSH
- humans, water, interleukin-6, body temperature, immersion, heating, temperature, adult, hot temperature, young adult
3 authors
From GB, US
- Yunuo SuLoughborough University
- Sven P. HoekstraLoughborough University; The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center
- Christof A. Leicht · correspondingLoughborough University; English Institute of Sport
Abstract
Purpose
To compare the perceptual responses and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration following rectal temperature-matched dry heat exposure (DH) and hot water immersion (HWI).
Methods
Twelve healthy young adults (BMI 23.5 ± 3.6 kg/m2; age: 25.8 ± 5.7 years) underwent 3 trials in randomised order: DH (air temperature 68.9 °C), HWI (water temperature 37.5 °C), and thermoneutral dry exposure (CON, air temperature 27.3 °C). Blood samples to determine IL-6 plasma concentration were collected; basic affect and thermal comfort, rectal and skin temperature (Tskin) were assessed throughout the intervention.
Results
Rectal temperature (Trec) did not differ between DH (end temperature 38.0 ± 0.4 °C) and HWI (37.9 ± 0.2 °C, P = 0.16), but was higher compared with CON (37.0 ± 0.3 °C; P ≤ 0.004). Plasma IL-6 concentration was similar after DH (pre to post: 0.8 ± 0.5 to 1.4 ± 1.5 pg·ml-1) and HWI (0.5 ± 0.2 to 0.9 ± 0.6 pg·ml-1; P = 0.46), but higher compared with CON (0.6 ± 0.5 to 0.6 ± 0.4 pg·ml-1; P = 0.01). At the end of the intervention, basic affect and thermal comfort were most unfavourable during DH (Basic affect; DH: - 0.7 ± 2.9, HWI: 0.8 ± 1.9, CON 1.9 ± 1.9, P ≤ 0.004; Thermal comfort; 2.6 ± 0.8, HWI: 1.4 ± 0.9 and CON: 0.2 ± 0.4; P ≤ 0.004). Mean Tskin was highest for DH, followed by HWI, and lowest for CON (DH: 38.5 ± 1.3 °C, HWI: 36.2 ± 0.5 °C, CON: 31.6 ± 0.7 °C, P < 0.001).
Conclusion
The IL-6 response did not differ between DH and HWI when matched for the elevation in Trec. However, thermal comfort was lower during DH compared to HWI, which may be related to the higher Tskin during DH.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY).
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