Effects of post-exercise cold-water immersion on performance and perceptive outcomes of competitive adolescent swimmers
Batista NP, de Carvalho FA, Rodrigues CRD, Micheletti JK, Machado AF, Pastre CM
European journal of applied physiology · 3 citations
How it was studied
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (indexed by PubMed)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Health markers and function
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Independent funding
- Government
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Government
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Grants
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (#2018/09680-8); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2020/1146-0)
Based on 2 listed funder(s) and full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2024-03-28 · Eur J Appl Physiol · vol. 124 · issue 8 · pp. 2439–2450
- Publisher
- Springer Science+Business Media
- Cited
- 8 citations · more than 81% of similar papers · 1.4× the field average
- References
- 43 works
- Access
- Open access (hybrid journal) · CC-BY
- Research areas
- Exercise and Physiological Responses · Thermoregulation and physiological responses · Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- Physical therapy, Crossover study, Medicine, Psychological intervention, Athletes, Randomized controlled trial, Time trial, Sprint, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Placebo, Surgery, Heart rate
- MeSH
- humans, water, cross-over studies, immersion, swimming, adolescent, female, male, athletic performance, cold temperature, athletes
6 authors
From BR, US
- Natanael P. Batista · correspondingUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp); University of Toledo
- Flávia Alves de CarvalhoUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
- Caio Russo Dutra RodriguesUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
- Jéssica Kirsch MichelettiUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
- Aryane Flauzino MachadoUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
- Carlos Marcelo PastreUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of repeated use of cold-water immersion (CWI) during a training week on performance and perceptive outcomes in competitive adolescent swimmers.
Methods
This randomized-crossover study included 20 athletes, who received each intervention [CWI (14 ± 1 °C), thermoneutral water immersion (TWI) (27 ± 1 °C) as placebo, and passive recovery (PAS)] three times a week between the land-based resistance training and swim training. The interventions were performed in a randomized order with a 1-week wash-out period. We tested athletes before and after each intervention week regarding swim (100 m freestyle sprints) and functional performance (flexibility, upper and lower body power, and shoulder proprioception). We monitored athlete's perceptions (well-being, heaviness, tiredness, discomfort and pain) during testing sessions using a 5-item questionnaire. Athlete preferences regarding the interventions were assessed at the end of the study. We used generalized linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations for continuous and categorical variables, respectively (intervention x time).
Results
We found a time effect for swim performance (p = .01) in which, regardless the intervention, all athletes improved sprint time at post-intervention compared to baseline. There was an intervention effect for pain (p = .04) and tiredness (p = .04), but with no significant post-hoc comparisons. We found no significant effects for other outcomes. All athletes reported a preference for CWI or TWI in relation to PAS.
Conclusion
The repeated use of CWI throughout a training week did not impact functional or swim performance outcomes of competitive adolescent swimmers. Perceptive outcomes were also similar across interventions; however, athletes indicated a preference for both CWI and TWI.
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY).
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