Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance: An Umbrella Review of 20 Published Systematic Reviews with Meta-analyses
Poon ET, Iu JC, Sum WM, Wong PS, Lo KK, Ali A, Burns SF, Trexler ET
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 14 citations
How it was studied
- Design
- Meta-analysis (indexed by PubMed)
- Studied in
- People
- Main outcome
- Health markers and function
- Intake measured by
- Not stated
Who paid for it
- Funding
- Independent funding
- University or hospital
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
Based on 1 listed funder(s) and full-text disclosure statement.
Publication
- Published
- 2025-03-14 · Sports Med · vol. 55 · issue 5 · pp. 1213–1231
- Publisher
- Springer Science+Business Media
- Cited
- 23 citations · more than 96% of similar papers · 4.4× the field average
- Impact
- Top 10% most cited in its field
- References
- 65 works
- Access
- Open access (hybrid journal) · CC-BY
- Research areas
- Muscle metabolism and nutrition · Exercise and Physiological Responses · Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- Medicine, Systematic review, Meta-analysis, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Physical therapy, Confidence interval, Strictly standardized mean difference, Sports medicine, Generalizability theory, Randomized controlled trial, Placebo, Internal medicine, Psychological intervention, Alternative medicine, Psychology, Pathology
- MeSH
- humans, nitrates, exercise, dietary supplements, meta-analysis as topic, athletic performance, systematic reviews as topic
8 authors
From HK, CN, NZ, SG, US
- Eric Tsz‐Chun Poon · correspondingChinese University of Hong Kong; Education University of Hong Kong
- Jason Chun-Kit IuChinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong College of Technology; Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation
- Wesley Man-Kuk SumChinese University of Hong Kong
- Po-San WongChinese University of Hong Kong
- Kenneth LoHong Kong Polytechnic University
- Ajmol AliMassey University
Abstract
Background
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation is purported to benefit exercise performance. However, previous studies have evaluated this nutritional strategy with various performance outcomes, exercise tasks, and dosing regimens, often yielding inconsistent results that limit the generalizability of the findings.
Objective
We aimed to synthesize the available evidence regarding the effect of NO3- supplementation on 11 domains of exercise performance.
Methods
An umbrella review was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Reviews guideline. Seven databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched from inception until July 2024. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses comparing NO3- supplementation and placebo-controlled conditions were included. Literature search, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews Assessing the Methodological quality of SysTemAtic Review [AMSTAR-2]) were conducted independently by two reviewers.
Results
Twenty systematic reviews with meta-analyses, representing 180 primary studies and 2672 unique participants, met the inclusion criteria. Our meta-analyses revealed mixed effects of NO3- supplementation. It improved time-to-exhaustion tasks [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19-0.47] with subgroup analyses indicating more pronounced improvements when a minimum dose of 6 mmoL/day (372 mg/day) and chronic (> 3 days) supplementation protocol was implemented. Additionally, ergogenic effects of NO3- supplementation were observed for total distance covered (SMD: 0.42; 95% CI 0.09-0.76), muscular endurance (SMD: 0.48; 95% CI 0.23-0.74), peak power output (PPO; SMD: 0.25; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.39), and time to PPO (SMD: - 0.76; 95% CI - 1.18, - 0.33). However, no significant improvements were found for other performance outcomes (all p > 0.05). The AMSTAR-2 ratings of most included reviews ranged from low to critically low.
Conclusions
This novel umbrella review with a large-scale meta-analysis provides an updated synthesis of evidence on the effects of NO3- supplementation across various aspects of exercise performance. Our review also highlights significant methodological quality issues that future systematic reviews in this field should address to enhance the reliability of evidence.
Clinical trial registration
This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) database (registration number: CRD42024577461).
Abstract via Europe PMC. Copyright remains with the authors or publisher (CC BY).
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